How the vB Style System Works - A Short Treatise by Kall
You have a parent style.
You add child styles to that parent style.
You make a change to a template in the parent style, all child styles with UNMODIFIED versions of that template inherit the changes.
ie: If I have modified showthread_quickreply in one of my 5 child styles but not the other 4, and I then make a change to showthread_quickreply in my parent style, the 4 styles with unmodified showthread_quickreply will inherit the changes but the changed one will not.
So, if you have some mega-funky style with lots of changed templates (see my site for example), it will not inherit any changes made to the templates of the parent style that are modified within it.