Error phrases are handled differently in the fact that they aren't cached with the rest of the phrases. Instead, it grabs em as it needs them and caches them inside the function (static). Try this:
PHP Code:
eval(standard_error(fetch_error('tooshort', $vbulletin->options['postminchars'])));
That's how vBulletin does it - and if you follow the fetch_error function, it will execute fetch_phrase which actually fetches it from the database.